Suzuki Coupling: Aryl–Aryl Bond Formation (Pd Catalysis, Mechanism Cycle)

Learn the Suzuki coupling catalytic cycle. How Pd(0) couples aryl halides with boronic acids, role of base, and how to troubleshoot failures.

• Reaction: Ar–X + Ar′–B(OH)2 → Ar–Ar′
• What it does: Forms biaryls (C–C cross-coupling)
• Typical reagents: Pd(0) catalyst + base + boronic acid
• Key intermediate: Pd(II) complexes through the cycle
• Driving force: Reductive elimination forms C–C bond; base activates boron for transmetalation
• Exam type: Catalytic cycles
• Exam type: Reagent selection