Heck Reaction: Coupling Aryl Halides to Alkenes (Pd Catalysis + β‑Hydride Elimination)

Learn the Heck reaction mechanism: oxidative addition, alkene insertion, β-hydride elimination, and base regeneration of Pd(0). Predict regioselectivity and E-alkenes.

Reaction: Ar–X + alkene → substituted alkene
What it does: Forms C–C bond between aryl and alkene
Typical reagents: Pd catalyst, base, alkene partner
Key intermediate: Pd–alkyl after migratory insertion
Driving force: β-hydride elimination forms alkene; catalyst turnover
Exam type: Catalytic cycles
Exam type: Predict product

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