Buchwald–Hartwig Amination: Pd-Catalyzed C–N Bond Formation (Aryl Halides → Anilines)

Learn the Buchwald–Hartwig catalytic cycle for C–N bond formation. Oxidative addition, amine binding/deprotonation, reductive elimination, and troubleshooting.

• Reaction: Ar–X + HNR2 → Ar–NR2
• What it does: Forms aryl amines via Pd catalysis
• Typical reagents: Pd catalyst + ligand + strong base + amine
• Key intermediate: Pd(II) amido complex
• Driving force: Reductive elimination forms C–N bond
• Exam type: Catalytic cycles
• Exam type: Predict product