Azo Coupling: Diazonium Salts + Activated Aromatics → Azo Dyes

Learn azo coupling: electrophilic substitution of diazonium salts onto activated aromatic rings (phenols/anilines). Predict para vs ortho coupling and pH effects.

Reaction: Ar–N2+ + activated arene → Ar–N=N–Ar
What it does: Forms azo dyes (N=N linkage)
Typical reagents: Diazonium salt + phenol/aniline under controlled pH
Key intermediate: Sigma complex on activated ring
Driving force: Re-aromatization
Exam type: Predict regio
Exam type: Mechanism steps

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